Into the Cosmos Page 51
Kotek, Joel, 219
katyusha system, 18–19, 38
Kotkin, Stephen, 299n80
Keldysh, Mstislav, 146
Kovalenko, R., 201
Kennedy, Caroline, 144
Kovalevskaia, Sofiia, 208
Kennedy, John F., 24, 144, 147–48, 166,
Kozlova, Natalia, 10
247, 248
Krasin, Leonid, 33
KGB, 88, 92, 96, 101
Krasnaia zvezda (Red star) (newspaper), 40,
Khrunov, Evgenii, 103
114, 143
Khrushchev, Nikita, and Khrushchev era,
Krokodil (magazine), 201
147; anti-religion campaign of, 11, 166,
Krupskaia, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, 183
176–77, 183–84, 192; and consumerism, Kudriavka (dog), 139
213–39; and cosmonauts, 40, 43, 75–79, Kugno, Eduard, 98
81, 96, 118–19, 205–6; and de-Staliniza- Kurchatov, Igor, 39
tion, 26, 79, 83, 104–5, 120, 124, 176,
214, 218, 221, 238, 245; and GDR, 245,
Laika (dog), 5, 10, 40, 55, 133, 137, 140–41,
247–48, 250, 254; and missile program,
146–47, 149–55, 250
39; moral dilemmas in, 108; philoso-
lapel pins. See znachki
phy behind, 309n29; pronouncements
Lapirov-Skoblo, M. I., 34
of, 23, 25, 160–61, 221; removal from
Laptev, B. L., 182
power of, 310n47; scholarship on, 6–7;
launch sites, fake, 57–58, 113
and secrecy, 51–53; “secret speech” of,
League of Militant Atheists, 171, 297n60,
221, 245; and space program, 5, 21–22,
299n75
42, 66, 139, 203, 214; and superiority of Lehnhardt, Ernst, 254
Soviet technology, 37; and truth-telling, Lenin, Vladimir, 79, 169, 229
109–10, 120, 124; and women’s role,
Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization
206–9
(Pioneers), 216, 230, 239
Khrushchev, Sergei, 39, 40
Leonov, Aleksei, 64, 72–73, 85, 86, 97, 99,
326 Index
Leonov, Aleksei, ( cont.) 103, 116–17, 171,
Ministry of Post and Telegraph, 226, 233,
226, 226, 237–38, 239, 310n48, 311n77
238
Letchiki i kosmonavty (Pilots and cosmo-
Ministry of the Defense Industry, 55
nauts) (books), 64
Mirovedenie (Study of the natural world)
Letunov, Iurii, 62
(journal), 32
Lewis, Cathleen S., 8, 11–12, 26, 80, 104,
Mitin, Mark Borisovich, 170–71, 189,
105
296n45
Liriki-fiziki (lyrical poets vs. physicists), 41
mobile planetariums, 181, 184, 187, 300n90
Lisichka (dog), 152
modernism, 214–16, 218–19, 238–39
Literaturnaia gazeta (Literary gazette)
modernity, 162
(journal), 40, 41
moon landing, 24, 102
Litskii, V. K., 232
moon probes, Soviet, 55
Lollabrigida, Gina, 285n60
morality, Khrushchev’s Third Party Pro-
Los Angeles Times (newspaper), 251
gram and, 177
Lovell, Bernard, 251–52
Moscow House of Scientific Atheism, 180,
Lukina, Ul’iana Andreevna, 192–93
182
Luna (space probe), 5
Moscow News (newspaper), 205
lying. See falsehoods and fakes
Moscow Planetarium, 174–75, 180, 232,
Lysenko, Trofim, 3
298n67
Moscow Scientific Research Institute of
Maiakovskii, Vladimir, 34; “Listen!,” 159
Reactive Motion (RNII), 38–39
Main Directorate for the Protection of Mili- Moscow Society for the Study of Interplan-tary and State Secrets in Print, 53
etary Communication, 34
Maksimov, Aleksei, 57
Moscow Society of Amateur Astronomers,
Malek, 147
34
Malinovsky (defense minister), 39
Moscow Society of Inventors, 34
Malyshka (dog), 139
Mozzhorin, Iurii, 58–62, 70
Mao Zedong, 147
Mytishchinsk Experimental and Souvenir
Marfusha (rabbit), 141, 147
Factory, 237
Mashinostroenie publishing house, 63
McDougall, Walter A., 155
Na beregu vselennoi (On the coast of the
media, in GDR, 248–49, 254–61. See also
universe) (book), 64
press
Naan, G., 189
memorabilia. See collecting
Narkompros, 50
Meshchersky, I. V., 30
Nashi kosmicheskie puti (Our space way)
Meshukov, Petr Alekseevich, 188
(book), 64
middle childhood, development in, 303n6
National Aeronautics and Space Admin-
Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy, 30
istration (NASA), 27, 165, 211–12, 228,
Militant Atheists. See League of Militant
252, 256, 306n66
Atheists
National Canine Defense League (Eng-
military: secrecy surrounding, 55–57; space
land), 140, 149
program and, 18–23, 38–39, 55, 62, 100, National Society for Medical Research, 150
111, 114
Nauka i religiia (Science and religion) (jour-
Military-Industrial Commission, 60
nal), 179–80
minimalism, 218–19
Neliubov, Grigorii, 71
Ministry of Defense, 58, 60, 92, 97, 100,
Nel’nikov, N. A., 275n46
114
Nelson, Amy, 8, 10, 22
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 92
neoconstructivism, 215–16
Ministry of General Machine Building, 55
Index 327
Neues Deutschland (newspaper), 256, 261,
Petrov, Evgenii, 175
315n74
Picasso, Pablo, 110
New Economic Policy (NEP), 50, 220,
Pioneer (spacecraft), 307n3
308n25
Pioneers. See Lenin All-Union Pioneer
New Soviet Man, 80, 81, 82, 84, 89, 95, 97
Organization
New Soviet Woman, 195
Pioner (magazine), 224, 227, 230
New York Herald Tribune (newspaper), 251
Pionerskaia pravda (newspaper), 198–201,
New York Mirror (newspaper), 251
205
New York Times (newspaper), 139, 251
Pius XI, Pope, 174
NII-4 (Ministry of Defense institute), 58, 59 Plamper, Jan, 70
Nikolaev, Andrian, 5, 84, 87, 91, 103, 163,
planetariums, 174–75, 179, 180–84, 187,
197, 225, 237
298n67, 298n68, 300n90, 300n93
Nixon, Richard M., 213, 222
Pokrovskii, K. D., 32
N-1 (rocket), 102
Pokrovsky, Alexei, 138–39
Novikov, Aleksandr, 94
Poland, 93
Novosti press agency, 60, 65
Politburo. See Presidium of the Supreme
nuclear weapons, 22–23, 39
Soviet of the USSR
Polytechnic Museum, Moscow, 32–33
Oberth, Hermann, 34
Popovich, Marina, 86
Odintsov, Mikhail, 100
Popovich, Pavel, 5, 84, 86, 91, 97–98, 163,
Ogonek (Little flame) (journal), 40, 52, 84,
225, 237
140, 142, 200, 201, 202, 207, 208
populace: atheism and, 165–68,
173,
Onisim, Archbishop of Vladimir-Suzdal,
295n30; cosmic interests of, 4, 8;
190
religious attitudes of, 186–93; scientific
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 131
interests of, 3–4, 17–18; space program
ornamentalism, 218, 308n18
interests of, 10–12, 21, 30–35, 40–41,
Orthodox Church. See Russian Orthodox
43–44, 52–53, 103, 135–36
Church
postage stamps. See stamp collecting
Osipov, Aleksandr, 184
Postnikov, Grigorii, 84
Ostroumov, G. N., 275n46
Powers, Francis Gary, 147
Otvazhnaia (dog), 141, 146, 147
Pravda (newspaper), 5, 40, 127, 128, 208
Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the
palekh-style miniatures, 307n14
USSR, 60–61, 92, 205
Palmer, Scott W., 3
press: and space program, 62–63, 251–54;
Parin, Vasili V., 203
Western, 251–52; and woman cosmo-
Party Central Committee, 92
nauts, 195–212. See also media, in GDR
Pavlov, Ivan, 134, 150–51
Priroda i liudi (Nature and people) (jour-
Pelevin, Viktor, 159, 194
nal), 34
Perel’man, Ia. I., 33–34; Mezhplanetnye
propaganda: atheist, 171, 173, 184–85, 193;
puteshestviia (Interplanetary travel),
cosmonauts and, 94–95, 105; institu-
33; Zanimatel’naia nauka (Science for
tional direction of, 278n14; science and
entertainment), 33
technology, 38, 43; space-related, 22, 38,
personality cult, 53, 109, 126, 218, 278n14
43, 59–60, 79, 83, 105, 214, 216, 251,
Pervukhin, Mikhail, 247
256, 282n156; stamps as, 223–24
Peskov, V. M., 275n46
Protazanov, Iakov, Aelita, 35
Pestraia (dog), 141
pseudonyms, for writing about space
Peter I, Tsar, 29
program, 67
Petersburg Pyrotechnic Laboratory, 30
purges, 20, 38, 53
Petrov, Boris, 66
Pushinka (dog), 144
328 Index
Rabotnitsa (newspaper), 203
science fiction, 4, 18, 25, 31–32, 35
Radkevich, Gazenko, 142
scientific materialism, 161, 170, 174–75,
Radkevich, Liudmila, 142
177, 180, 193
Rafikov, Mars, 82
secrecy: under Brezhnev, 53; censorship
Raleigh, Donald J., 25
and, 49–54, 58–63, 70; characteristics
Reagan, Ronald, 131
of, 275n49; conspiracy and, 130; de-
Rebrov, Mikhail, 62
fined, 272n1; institutional reasons for,
Reid, Susan, 11, 214, 222, 305n45
55; in Khrushchev era, 51–53; military,
religion: atheist attacks on, 171–75, 178–93,
55–57; in NEP era, 50–51; positive func-
296n55; Khrushchev’s campaign
tion of, 75–76; for protection of Soviet
against, 11, 166, 176–77, 183–84, 192;
reputation, 54, 63–66, 75–76, 128; ra-
persistence of, 161–62, 176, 182–93;
tionales for, 54–58; space program and,
popular attitudes toward, 186–93;
8–9, 48–76, 111–12, 126, 137, 145–46,
science vs., 171–75, 183–93; sociology
216, 225, 227; under Stalinism, 51;
of, 186; space exploration as challenge
strategies for, 63–74; tensions concern-
to, 163–69; Stalinism and, 175; United
ing, 9, 75
States and, 165–66
SED. See Socialist Unity Party (German
Research Hero Dog program, 150
Democratic Republic; SED)
Ride, Sally, 211
Sedov, Leonid, 66
rocketry, 18–21, 29–36, 38–39
Semena (Seed) (magazine), 227, 230
Rolf, Malte, 37
Semichastnyi, Vladimir, 101, 282n155
Romanov, Aleksandr, 62
Sergeevich, Nikita, 209
Roxburgh, Angus, 275n49
Seriapin, Alexander, 137
R7 missile, 20–21, 23, 39, 138
Sevast’ianov, Vitalii, 117
Rusanov, Nikolai Fedorovich, 167–68
sexism, 209, 211
Russian Amateur Astronomy Society, 32
Shatalov, Vladimir, 63, 65–66, 103
Russian Orthodox Church, 175–76
Shcherbatov, Stanislav, 205
Rynin, N. A., 33
Shcherbinsk Smelting Factory, 234
Shepard, Alan, 252
Sagdeev, Roald Z., 43
shestidesiatniki (1960s generation), 25–26
Saint Petersburg Rocket Institute, 30
Shevliakov, I. F., 182–83
Sandle, Mark, 300n81
Shipilov, Ivan, 52–53
satellites, 24, 138. See also Sputnik; sputniks Shmidt, Otto, 31
Satjukow, Silke, 253
Shonin, Georgii, 110
Saussure, Ferdinand de, 69
Siddiqi, Asif A., 3–4, 8–9, 22, 173, 282n156
Savitskaya, Svetlana, 211
Siegelbaum, Lewis H., 3
Schnitzler, Karl Eduard von, 248
Siniavskii, M., 298n67
science: Bolshevism and, 2, 172; curricu-
Skylab (spacecraft), 145
lum for, 210, 306n61; discoveries in,
Smirnov, Leonid, 39
42–43, 271n56; and enlightenment,
Smithsonian Institution National Air and
172–75, 182, 297n58; popular inter-
Space Museum, 229
est in, 3–4, 17–18; popularization of
Smolkin-Rothrock, Victoria, 8, 10–11
spaceflight through, 33; religion vs.,
socialism: achievements and promises of,
171–75, 183–93; scholarship on, 3; in
27, 44, 75–76, 90, 205, 241; in GDR,
Soviet Union, 2–3; and utopianism, 2,
241–47, 260–61
169, 172–73, 297n59; women and, 199, socialist realism, 160, 218
203–5, 207–11; in World War II, 19–20
Socialist Unity Party (German Democratic
Science and Religion (journal), 163, 165, 166,
Republic; SED), 242–46, 260
185–86
Society for the Dissemination of Scientific
Index 329
and Political Knowledge, 175. See also
spacewalks, 64, 103, 171, 226, 237, 237–38,
All-Union “Knowledge” Society
310n48
Sokolov, Andrei, 72
Der Spiegel (newspaper), 256
Sokolsky, V. N., 29
Sputnik (satellite), 1, 4–5, 147; impact of, 5,
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 108, 109
21–22, 24, 26–27; launch of, 39, 42, 55,
Soviet Strategic Rocket Forces, 55
57, 145–46; publicity about, 48, 139
Soviet Union of Architects, 218
sputniks (satellites), 21, 24, 234–35
Soyuz (spacecraft), 102, 103, 226
Stakhanov, Aleksei, 105
space program and space exploration: cel-
Stakhanovites, 104–5
ebrations of, 5, 40, 42, 77–78, 90, 103,
Stalin, Joseph, and Stalinism, 88; cosmic
206, 216; censorship of, 58–63; collect-
culture under, 36–43; negative impact
ibles associated with, 214–39, 307n14;
of, 5, 25; personality cult of, 109, 126;
contradictions in ( see tensions/c
ontra-
and religion, 175; science under, 3, 136;
dictions in); criticisms of, 41, 57; decline
and secrecy, 51; and space program, 43;
of, 102–4; designers of, 53, 66–67, 70,
and superiority of Soviet technology, 37
94, 102, 146; dogs in, 133–55; dystopic
stamp collecting, 217, 219, 308n20
views of, 194; expenditures on, 16–17;
Stites, Richard, 90, 297n58
failures in, refusal to acknowledge,
Strategic Missile Forces, 100
63–66; falsehoods and fakes concern-
Strelka (dog), 133, 142–43, 143, 144, 147–48,
ing, 57–58, 72–73, 73; “father” of, 8,
151, 152, 250
38–39, 42, 48, 174, 266n23; firsts in,
superstition, 164, 178, 187, 296n54
5, 23–24, 101, 163, 191, 250; ideologi-
Suslov, Mikhail, 48, 85
cal value of, 38, 79, 81, 83–84, 88–89,
Svet (journal), 129
160–61, 193–94, 241–42; international Sylvester, Roshanna P., 8, 11, 27
impact of, 26–27; master narrative
of, 69–70, 74; meaning of, in Soviet
Taneev, V., 31
Union, 1–2, 4–5; military and, 18–23,
Taranovskii, L. A., 190
38–39, 55, 62, 100, 111, 114; origins of,
Tarkovsky, Andrei, Solaris, 88
21; philosophical/religious significance TASS. See Telegraph Agency of the Soviet of, 161–71, 188–94, 295n37; popular
Union
interest in, 5, 10–12, 21, 30–35, 40–41,
technology. See science
43–44, 52–53, 103, 135–36; propaganda
Tekhnika (Technology) (journal), 36
about, 22, 38, 43, 59–60, 79, 83, 94–95, Tekhnika-molodezhi (Technology for youth) 105, 214, 216, 251, 256, 282n156 ( see also
(journal), 52
publicity about); publicity about, 39–40, Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union 48, 58–63, 65–74 ( see also censorship of;
(TASS), 48, 58–61, 139, 140, 142, 237
propaganda about); rhetoric concerning, Tereshkova, Valentina, 5, 11, 55, 84, 87, 92, 1–2, 36, 42; scholarship on, 5–6; secrecy
94, 99, 103, 195–200, 196, 202–11, 204,
of, 8–9, 48–76, 111–12, 126, 137, 145–
237
46, 216, 225, 227; space travel research
theater, 298n68
in, 136–45; spokespersons for, 66–67,
Third Party Program, 160–61, 177,
146; stamps commemorating, 223–27;
299n80, 300n81
state and, 8–10; tensions/contradic-
Third World, 93
tions in, 9, 22, 37, 41, 49, 64, 72–73, 75; Tian-Shanskii, Petr Petrovich Semenov-, 31
znachki commemorating, 227, 231–38.
Tikhonravov, Mikhail, 18, 21, 138, 146
See also cosmic culture; rocketry
Timasheff, Nicholas, 36
spacecraft, fake, 72–73, 73, 225–26
Times (London) (newspaper), 141
spaceflight. See first manned spaceflight
Titov, German, 5, 12, 73, 82–84, 86, 91, 93,