Into the Cosmos Page 50
um, specializing in Soviet and Russian programs. Her current research
is on the history of the public and popular culture of the early years of
human spaceflight in the Soviet Union. She has completed degrees in
Russian and East European Studies at Yale University and holds a PhD
in history from George Washington University. Lewis’s dissertation and
current book project is “The Rise and Fall of the Red Stuff: A History of
Russian Cosmic Enthusiasm.”
Amy Nelson is associate professor of history at Virginia Tech. She is
the author of Music for the Revolution: Musicians and Power in Early Soviet Russia (2004) and the recipient of the Heldt Prize for the Best Book by a Woman in any area of Slavic/East European/Eurasian Studies, awarded
by the Association for Women in Slavic Studies in 2005. Her recent ar-
ticles have focused on Soviet pet keeping, the animal protection move-
ment in imperial Russia, and the cultural legacy of Laika the space dog.
She is writing a collective biography of the Soviet space dogs and is editor
(with Jane Costlow) of The Other Animals: Beyond the Human in Russian
Culture and History (2010) .
Victoria Smolkin-Rothrock holds a PhD in modern Russian histo-
ry from the University of California at Berkeley (2010) and is currently an
assistant professor of Russian history at Wesleyan University. Her publi-
cations in English and Russian include articles in the journal Neprikos-
novennyi zapas: Debaty o politike i kul’ture and the book Petersburg/Petersburg: Novel and City (edited by Olga Matich) Smolkin-Rothrock’s current book project is tentatively titled “A Sacred Space Is Never Empty: Scientific Atheism, Socialist Rituals, and the Soviet Way of Life, 1954–1991.”
Roshanna P. Sylvester is associate professor of Russian history at
DePaul University, where she has been director of graduate studies in
320 Contributors
history. She is the author of Tales of Old Odessa: Crime and Civility in a
City of Thieves (2005). Her articles have appeared in Slavic Review, the Journal of Urban History, and the Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas.
Sylvester’s current book project is a comparative study of girls, science,
and technology in Cold War America and the Soviet Union.
Index
Note: Illustrations are indicated by page
Arkhipova, Matrena Petrovna, 188
numbers in italic type.
Armstrong, Neil, 24
art, space-related, 72–73
Der Abend (newspaper), 251
astronomy, 32, 173–74, 298n63
Academy of Sciences, 42, 58, 60, 114, 143,
atheism, 10–11, 161–94; education oriented
186
to, 175–86, 193, 296n55, 300n84; under
Adenauer, Konrad, 248
Khrushchev, 176–77; planetariums and,
Agitation and Propaganda Department,
180–84, 300n90; popular embrace of,
Party Central Committee, 278n14
165–68, 173, 295n30; religion under
Agranovskii, Anatalii, 73
attack from, 171–75, 178–93, 296n55;
Air Force, 52, 97
space exploration and, 161–71, 188–94,
Air Force Engineering Academy, 91
295n37; under Stalinism, 175–76,
Albina (dog), 139
299n75; state-promoted, 171–80; vulgar,
Alexander II, Tsar, 34
295n37
All-Russian Choral Society, 233
Atlantic Advocate (newspaper), 252
All-Union “Knowledge” Society, 179–82,
atomic bomb. See nuclear weapons
185. See also Society for the Dissemina-
Austria, 255
tion of Scientific and Political Knowl-
“Aviation March” (song), 77–78
edge
aviators, of 1930s, 69, 78, 82, 104, 105, 160,
Andrews, James T., 3, 7–8, 17–18, 172,
223
282n156, 296n54
Aviatsiia i kosmonavtika (Aviation and
Angelina, Pasha, 208
cosmonautics) (journal), 52
Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, 228
321
322 Index
Baikonur, Kazakhstan, 57–58, 113
censorship, 49–54, 58–63, 70
Barber, John, 56–57
Central Committee, Communist Party, 53,
Bardin, Ivan, 66
54, 61, 62, 66, 186, 205
Barnaul Planetarium, 300n93
Central Design Bureau of Experimental
Barshch, M., 298n67
Machine Building, 56
Beliaev, Pavel, 65, 85, 225, 226, 310n48,
Central Design Bureau of Machine Build-
311n77
ing, 56
Belianka (dog), 141
Central Scientific-Research Institute of Ma-
Belka (dog), 133, 142, 143, 147, 151, 152, 250
chine Building (TsNIIMash), 59–60
Beregovoi, Georgii, 103
Charlie (dog), 144
Berger, Peter, 164
Chernushka (dog), 143, 144
Berlin Wall, 12, 240, 248–49, 251, 257, 261
Chertok, Boris, 152
Berliner Zeitung (newspaper), 256
Chicago Daily Tribune (newspaper), 252, 254
Bezbozhnik (journal), 173, 297n61
Chikolev, V. N., 31
Bezbozhnik airplanes, 297n60, 297n61
childhood development, 303n6
Blagonravov, Anatolii, 66, 152
Chizhevskii, Alexander, 16–17
Blium, A. V., 50
Chkalov, Valerii, 105
Bochek, A. V., 32
Chukrai, Grigory, Ballad of a Soldier, 110
Bogdanov, A., Red Star, 35
Clark, Katerina, 104
Bolshevism: and censorship, 50; and
Colbert, Stephen, 108
science, 2, 172; secularization by, 171,
Cold War: balance of power in, 20–23; dogs
293n8
in space and, 10, 133–35, 147, 150, 154;
Bondarenko, Vladimir, 82, 102
military secrecy during, 39, 55, 60; and
Borzenko, S. A., 275n46
science education, 210; space program
Boym, Svetlana, 145, 200, 297n59
and, 5, 7, 22, 160, 165, 205, 251–53;
Brandenberger, David, 36
Titov’s German visit and, 240–43, 249,
Brandt, Willy, 248
255–61; women’s role during, 195, 197,
Brezhnev, Leonid, 40, 44, 53, 100, 101, 103,
200, 207–10
110, 125, 129, 197, 282n155
collecting, 11–12, 217, 219–38
Bridger, Sue, 211
collecting societies, 215, 219
British Association for the Advancement
Collins, Eileen, 211
of Science, 16
Communist Youth League, 41
Brooks, Jeffrey, 76, 296n54, 309n29
Communist Youth Organization (Komso-
Bruno, Giordano, 174
mol), 171, 185, 216, 307n10
Bykovskii, Valerii, 84, 91, 195, 204–5, 208, constructivism, 215–16, 218, 238
209, 237
consumerism, 11–12, 26, 213–39; aesthet-
ics of, 214–16, 218–19; and collecting,
CARC. See Council on the Affairs of Reli-
219–38; Marxist interpretation of, 221;
gious Cults
meanings of, 214–19, 221; opposition
CAROC. See Council on the Affairs of the
to, 217, 220–21; and stamp collecting,
Russian Orthodox Church
223–27; toleration of, 220
; “unmet
Carpenter, Scott, 141
demand” interpretation of, 221
cartoons, 201–2
contingency, eliminated from space pro-
catastrophism, 17
gram narratives, 63–66
Catholic Church, 173–74
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 174
CBS (television network), 131
cosmic culture: catastrophism and, 17;
celebrations, of space program achieve-
during Cold War, 39–43; Communist
ments, 5, 40, 42, 77–78, 90, 103, 206,
ideology and, 160; contemporary,
216
24; foundations of, 29–36; scientific
Index 323
enlightenment and, 163–69, 172–75; in dogs, 10, 133–67; as boundary objects,
Soviet Union, 4, 8, 24–25, 28–44; un-
134–35, 154–55; as heroes, 134, 149–50,
der Stalinism, 36–39; utopianism and,
153–54; human relations with, 135,
18. See also space program and space
151–52, 154–55; news coverage of,
exploration
138–40, 142–43, 146–49; as pets, 149;
cosmic horror, 170–71
as research subjects, 134, 136–45,
Cosmism, 169, 173
150–53; in space, 136–45; training of,
Cosmonaut Training Center, 82, 84, 86,
152; treatment of, 151
88, 96, 99–100
Dovgal, Ivan Andreevich, 165
Cosmonautics Day, 15, 24, 83
cosmonauts: appearance of, 84; and athe-
East Germany. See German Democratic
ism, 163, 165–67, 185, 188–89, 191–92;
Republic
backgrounds of, 81–82; behavior of,
education: atheist, 175–86, 193, 296n55,
96–98, 116–18; biographies of, 87–88;
300n84; science and math curriculum,
communicative constraints on, 64–69,
210, 306n61
111–12; compensation of, 96–97; contra- Egorov, Boris, 311n77
dictory representations of, 80; cultural
Ehrenburg, Il’ia, 41–42
instruction of, 86; effect of space travel Einstein, Albert, 169
on, 170–71; erosion of myth of, 102–4;
Eliseev, Aleksei, 103
identity of, 9–10; media treatment of,
enlightenment: atheist-based, 179–82;
252–54; outspokenness of, 99–101;
civilizing agenda of, 293n8; political,
oversight of lives of, 84–87; personal
175–76; scientific, 172–76, 182, 297n58;
qualities of, 88–89; photographs of, 71,
space travel and, 163–69
72, 84; politics of, 98, 100–101; portraits Eremenko, Anatolii, 60–62
of, 84; public pressures on, 90–95;
Etkind, Alexander, 10
public role/image of, 25–26, 64–69, 71, Experimental Design Bureau-I (Opytno-
72, 79–95, 101–6, 159–60, 193–94, 253,
konstruktorskoe biuro-I, OKB-I), 55
314n56; role of, 41; tension in roles of,
explorers and exploration, cultural signifi-
105–6. See also women cosmonauts
cance of, 8, 28, 31, 44, 79, 277n7
Council of Ministers, 55, 59, 61, 66
Council on Religious Affairs, 178
falerists, 228
Council on the Affairs of Religious Cults
falsehoods and fakes, 73; broadcasts,
(CARC), 176, 178, 185, 190
73; duty and, 111–15; Gagarin and,
Council on the Affairs of the Russian Or-
107–32; ideal communists and, 110–11;
thodox Church (CAROC), 176, 178, 185
Khrushchev and, 109–10, 120, 124;
Crowley, David, 214
launch sites, 57–58, 113; photographs,
Cuban Missile Crisis, 23, 114
71, 72–74; politicians and, 107–8; space-
cultural intelligentsia, 41–42
craft, 72–73, 73, 225–26; truth-lies, 107,
Czechoslovakia, 255
119–21, 123–25, 130–31
Fédération Aeronautique Internationale
Danilova, E., 167
(FAI), 57
De Gaulle, Charles, 248
Fedorov, Evgenii, 66, 68, 274n34
Denisov, N. N. (Nikolai), 208, 275n46
Fedorov, Nikolai, 136
Department of Propaganda, Central Com-
Feldmann, Klaus, 248
mittee, Communist Party, 54
Feodorov, Nikolai, 173
de-Stalinization, 26, 79, 83, 104–5, 120,
Feoktistov, Konstantin, 90, 311n77
124, 176, 214, 218, 221, 238, 245
Finkel’shtein, Leonid, 274n33
Dezik (dog), 137
first manned spaceflight, 23–24, 77, 90,
Dobrysheva, Anna Ivanovna, 187–88
112, 114, 163, 224–25, 235–36, 250
324 Index
Fitzpatrick, Sheila, 9, 75
Gerovitch, Slava, 8, 9, 41, 64
Fokin, Iurii, 62
Gilberg, Lev, 63
Fraser, Erica, 304n20, 305n54
girls: as newspaper audience, 198; op-
Free German Trade Union Association, 256
portunities for, 196–97, 202–3, 205–12;
Free German Youth, 249, 256
roles for, 199, 206–9, 305n54; space
futurism, 35
enthusiasm of, 200–202
Glavlit, 58–59
Gagarin, Elena, 131
Glavlit (Main Administration for Literary
Gagarin, Valentin, 115; cars of, 85, 117;
and Publishers’ Issues), 49–54
personal life of, 116–24
Glebov, Anatolii, 35–37
Gagarin, Yuri, 71, 113; achievements of, 1,
Glenn, John, 99
15, 23, 40, 55, 57, 59, 126, 143–44, 163,
Glushko, Valentin, 18, 20, 43–44, 70, 146
250, 284n22; and atheism, 163, 165–67, Goddard, Robert, 34
190, 295n26, 295n30; background of,
Golikov, Aleksei, 207
81–82, 109; cars of, 116, 117; collectibles Golovachev, V., 275n46
associated with, 224–25, 235–36, 236,
Golovanov, Iaroslav, 54, 66–67, 68, 89,
307n14; daughter of, 131; death of, 102,
275n46
104, 127–30; and duty, 111–15; experi-
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 25–26, 43, 127
ence of, during space flight, 170–71;
Goregliad, Leonid, 82
father of, 115; mother of, 121; outspo-
Gorky/Nizhnyi Novgorod Planetarium,
kenness of, 99–100; personal life of,
300n93
9–10, 96, 114, 127, 131, 314n56; personal Gorlizki, Yorlam, 51
qualities of, 88; as public figure, 5, 12,
Graham, Loren, 3, 44, 90, 295n26
44, 68, 73, 77–79, 83–86, 88–90, 109,
Grant, Jonathan, 223
118–27, 131, 160, 200, 253, 254, 314n56; Great Retreat, 36
public pressures on, 92–96, 103,
Grechko, Andrei, 62
121–24; rumors concerning, 128–30;
Gries, Rainer, 253
and truth/lies, 107–8, 110–32; wife of,
Grissom, Gus, 252
79, 107, 114–16, 118, 120–22
Group for the Study of Reactive Motion
Galileo Galilei, 174
(GIRD), 38
Gan, Aleksey, 174, 298n68
Groys, Boris, 194
Gazenko, Oleg, 138, 152
Gubarev, Vladimir, 62
GDR. See German Democratic Republic
Gumbert, Heather L., 8, 12
Geertz, Clifford,
64
Gemini ( spacecraft), 100, 237
Havel, Vaclav, 110
gender equality, 205–11
Hellbeck, Jochen, 9
General Staff, 88
Hennecke, Adolf, 253
Gerasimov, N. V., 30
hobbies, 217. See also collecting
German, Alexei, Jr., A Paper Soldier, 24
Hoffman, David, 36
German Democratic Republic (GDR), 12,
Hungary, 245–46, 255
240–61; border crossing and closure
in, 244, 247–49, 250, 254, 257, 259–61, Iaroslavskii, Emelian, 297n55
312n12; cultural transformation in,
Iastrebov, Vladimir, 57
246–47; economic transformation in,
ICBMs. See intercontinental ballistic mis-
243–45; media narratives in, 248–49,
siles
254–61; political challenges in, 243–51; identity, 9–10
socialism in, 241–47, 260–61; Titov
Il’f, Il’ia, 175
and, 240–43, 249, 253–61
immortality, 33, 136, 171, 297n58
Germany, and rocketry, 18–19
India, 93, 94
Index 325
Institute for Aviation Medicine, 136
Kibalchich, N., 34
Institute of Scientific Atheism, 186
Kiev Planetarium, 300n93
intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), “kitchen debate,” 213, 222, 309n32
20–21, 57, 260
Kleimenov, I. T., 39
International Union of Students, 231
Kliueva-Roskin affair, 51
Iskatel’ (Adventurer) (journal), 52
“Knowledge” Society. See All-Union
Iunost’ (Youth) (journal), 52
“Knowledge” Society
Iunyi tekhnik (Junior technician) (journal),
Kojevnikov, Alexei, 7
52
Kolman, Ernst, 169, 295n39, 296n40
Izvestiia (newspaper), 40, 127, 167, 204
Komarov, Vladimir, 102, 226, 311n77
Kommunist (The communist) (journal),
Jenks, Andrew, 8, 9–10
40, 167
Joravsky, David, 3
Komsomol. See Communist Youth Orga-
Josephson, Paul, 42
nization
Journal of Experimental Medicine, 150
Komsomol’skaia pravda (newspaper), 40, 125
Konovalov, B. P., 275n46
Kabakov, Il’ia, “The Man Who Flew to
Konstantinov, Konstantin I., 30
Space from His Apartment,” 194
Korolev, Sergei, 18, 20–22, 38–39, 42, 53,
Kamanin, Nikolai, 52, 65, 82–89, 91–101,
55, 56, 58, 73, 102, 122–23, 136–39, 146,
104–5, 111–12, 116–18, 120, 123–24
152, 174, 237, 250, 266n23
Kamenshchikov, Nikolai Petrovich, 173,
Kosmodemyanskaya, Zoya, 208
298n63
Kosmos (spacecraft), 145
Karpov, Evgenii, 88